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Tlgֳgֳ ?"P  T Click to edit Master title style! !  Tgֳgֳ ?"``  X*  Tgֳgֳ ?"`   Z*  Tgֳgֳ ?"`   Z*$  0B "  RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     S`  Hd޽h? ?  f3f3 Soaring;    K(  T t  "tZ  S BsC5 DEHFPv @?3 r4 rv$[I_l3HxF 3 %(@" 2  3 CRENGCJRQ1? `TO`TR`TO`TRR`TRR"t  Tɥgֳgֳ ?"/O  T Click to edit Master title style! !  T̥gֳgֳ ?"pp   W#Click to edit Master subtitle style$ $  TPϥgֳgֳ ?"``  X*  Tܹgֳgֳ ?"`   Z*   Tgֳgֳ ?"`   Z*`  Hd޽h? ? f3f3 0C(    08KB`D XCARBOHYDRATES .(2 &$$K  07Bpe  Carbohydrate - polyhydroxy aldehyde, ketones and their derivatives. Functions - structure material storage material for carbon and energy. " 2"iH  0޽h ? ̙33 @U(    0pwB`D _CONCEPTS OF ISOMERS .(2&$$V  0L|B0  Two or more different compounds which contain the same number and types of atoms and the same molecular weights. Projection formula (spatial arrangement to represent 3-dimensional structure):  2"H  0޽h ? ̙332 Pr(  R  s *@p /  0BP` iD-glyceraldehyde (hydroxy group at the highest numbered asymmetric carbon atom is written to the right): j 2j ,Q^  6A? P   0B! P` #L-glyceraldehyde (hydroxy group at the highest numbered asymmetric carbon atom is written to the left): D-Erythrose is the mirror image of L-Erythrose.  2 PQ  R  s *@ ^  6A? $H  0޽h ? ̙33 `G(  R  s *``  0DB 6Glyceraldehydes: Model compounds of monosaccharides &7 25& %^  6A? ^  6A? P<  0B`p / D-Glyceraldehyde L-Glyceraldehyde &0 2.$$  0B`    D-Erythrose L-Threose ! 2!$,H  0޽h ? ̙33 |tp  (   R  s *Pp`   0@B`T W POLARIMETER .(2 &$$^  6A?P U  0B  Dextrorotatory -plane polarized light rotated to clockwise (or to the right) Levoratatory - plane polarized light rotated to counterclockwise.  2 $> 7H  0޽h ? ̙33 tl$(  $R $ s *Pp  $ 0B`D aFISHER PROJECTION FORM .(2&$$^ $ 6A? C $ 0 B P` YAnomeric Carbon --- The carbon atom which is involved in hemiacetal or acetal formation. 0Z 2"I"60  H $ 0޽h ? ̙33 (B(  (R ( s *@ k ( 0B g ?Anomers: Stereoisomers formed when ring is formed (a, b). r@ 2&,&'&' &6 $^ ( 6A?U  ( 0hB ' wa is same side with ring B(2cb"H ( 0޽h ? ̙33j ,(  , , 0B n(HAWORTH PROJECTION FORMULAS FOR SUGARS *)(2'$R , s *^ , 6A?`   , 0B@` |a - D - Glucopyranose 0 2#"H , 0޽h ? ̙33q oqgq0p(  0R 0 s *ycL :d 0# `d' 0 6HO  <B !0 # 1 U@V<B "0 # 1@q AU<B #0 # 1 B @C <B $0 # 1@B A&  %0 6B  q  =C   &0 6B0' d}  =O  <B '0 # 1 v <B (0 # 1P  + <B )0B # 1 + <B *0 # 1( h <B +0 # 1  <B ,0 # 1   -0 6Ex   >CH   .0 6\E =2  /0 6E( >OH   00 6, E  =C   10 6E   =H   20 6E  f  >HO   30 6XE 4  =H   40 6E  Tl  =H   50 6"E  r  =C   60 6x&E    >OH  <B 70 # 1 k <B 80 # 1 = > <B 90 # 1( = h > <B :0 # 1( h <B ;0 # 1  <B <0 # 1  =0 6+E  =C   >0 60E   =H   ?0 6P4E  r =H   @0 68Ex " x =C  <B A0 # 1 w <B B0 # 1( Jh K C0 6=E    >OH   D0 6DAE `  >HO   E0 6EEXv   >OH  <B F0 # 1`"#<B G0 # 1O} H0 6JE P =C   I0 6PME LJ =H   J0 6SEk L  =H   K0 6|WEq   =C  <B L0 # 1  <B M0 # 1'0(<B N0 # 1`  <B O0 # 1`  <B P0 # 1 @ <B Q0 # 1C q  R0 6\E`\ >OH   S0 6_E J  =C   T0 6XdEX D  =H   U0 6hE`   =H   V0 6lE 8D  >HO   W0 6pqEp L  =H   X0 6uEp   =C   Y0 6yE >CH   Z0 6~E8P =2  [0 6ԂE` >OH  <B \0 # 1  <B ]0 # 1 @ <B ^0 # 1`  <B _0B # 1 @ <B `0 # 1  <B a0 # 1N {  b0 6EX   =O   c0 6E I  =C  <B d0 # 1 p! <B e0 # 1p q <B f0 # 1 p <B g0 # 1p q <B h0 # 1x<B i0 # 1xy<B j0 # 1x<B k0 # 1xy l0 6ĐEB =C   m0 6@E` =O  <B n0 # 1Gt<B o0 # 1<B p0B # 1H<B q0 # 1h<B r0 # 1H<B s0 # 1 t0 6E| >CH   u0 6E@X =2  v0 6\Eh| >OH   w0 6Ei =C   x0 6(E iT =H   y0 6tE@= >HO   z0 6EH| =H   {0 6@E`= =H   |0 6EC =C   }0 6EhU >OH  <B ~0 # 1<j<B 0 # 1H<B 0 # 1h<B 0 # 1h<B 0 # 1 8!<B 0 # 1 0 64Ej =C   0 6E eT =H   0 6E TD =H   0 6EI =C  <B 0 # 1Hv<B 0 # 1h 0 6|E`o >OH   0 6E` >OH   0 6E  K =C   0 6EP   =O  <B 0 # 1 P }<B 0 # 1  <B 0B # 1 H <B 0B # 1 8 <B 0 # 1X  <B 0 # 1 8 <B 0 # 1   0 64E  >CH   0 6E0 H  =2  0 6EX  >OH   0 6 EP x  >OH   0 6E s  =C   0 6F sD  =H   0 6|F 0 F  >HO   0 6 F8 l  =H   0 6FP  F  =H   0 6F  L  =C   0 6FP y  >OH  <B 0 # 1 E s <B 0 # 1  8  <B 0 # 1X   <B 0 # 1X <B 0 # 1 8 <B 0 # 1  0 6F s  =C   0 6F n D  =H   0 6#FH R  >OH   0 6 (F < R  =H   0 6,F R  =C  <B 0 # 1 R  <B 0 # 1 $ 0 % <B 0 # 1P $ %  0 6l0Fx >OH   0 64Fux >OH  <B 0 # 1 X !<B 0 # 1 N | 0 69Fh  O =C   0 6=F  I =H   0 6TBF j  =H   0 6FFp p  =C  <B 0 # 1  <B 0 # 1  <B 0 # 1 X <B 0 # 1 X <B 0 # 1  <B 0 # 1 B o 0 6lKFvx >OH   0 6OFp  H =C   0 64TFDC =H   0 6XXF ,  =H   0 6]F  = >HO   0 6LaF o  =H   0 6peFp o  =C   0 6jFh   >CH   0 6dnF  =2  0 6rF >OH  <B 0 # 1  <B 0 # 1  <B 0 # 1 X <B 0B # 1  <B 0 # 1@ x <B 0 # 1 L z 0 6 xF TT =O   0 6|F  H =C  <B 0 # 1 0:B 0 3 1?01#:B 0 3 1R 0S:B 0 3 1n01R 0 <Fp  z-D-Glucofuranose4  0 <F ] (0.5%)4  0 <(Fa Aa$ 0 < D - glucose <- b - D - glucose a20D = 113 a20D = 52 a20D = = 19 At equilibrium = 35% of a - form and 65% of b - form. ~f0P2 !(( ( ! ! ! ! !(( !(( !(( "#"# "> L8 8 BF7 JGlucose (dextrose)&H 8 0޽h ? ̙33 qi<(  < < 0$H` 32. Galactose --- Component of lactose (milk sugar) N4(2&$ &$&&$$ ( < 0H`P a-D-Galactopyranose 0 2#"R < s *`` ^ < 6A ?` H < 0޽h ? ̙33- m(  7  0HD ;3. Fructose (levulsoe) --- Rotation in polarimeter is left L< 2&$ &.&,   6  0HW 4 D-Fructose b-D-Fructose a-D-Fructose d5 2""#"# "" R  s * ^  6A ?PT H  0޽h ? ̙336 h6`6kn@5(  @# @ 0H P`@ ; b - D - Fructofuranose a - D - Fructofuranose 8< 2! ! , R @ s *@ `R @ s *0 @0^ @ 6A ?< WR @ s *0 `^ @ 6A? ^  @ 6X(Ht  O   Q08  0  m@0 <B  @ # 7Dj F G   @ BiC?DEF7Di?i @`' f  @ tBiC?DEFi?i @`' f  @ 6-H& _  ?O" @ BCDEF&7D  @`F 8 <B @ # 7D{ 8 <B @B # 7D  <B @B # 7D   @ BCDEF&7D @`   @ BC DEF&7D    @` [ <B @ # 7D8 9 <B @ # 7D8* 9 <B @ # 7DQ1 R <B @ # 7DQ R <B @ # 7D1  <B @ # 7D  <B @ # 7D  <B @ # 7D*  <B @ # 7D  <B @ # 7D7    @ 65H. Y  >OH  !@ 69H# U  >CH  "@ 6l=H 6_  =2   #@ 6AH  U  >OH  $@ 6EHv m  =H  %@ 6JH1 #g  >OH  &@ 6NH }a >OH  '@ 6RH d  >OH  (@ 6WH 0  >CH  )@ 6[HQ e  =2   *@ 6 `H 0 x  >OH <B +@ # 7DF :G  ,@ BiC?DEF7Di?i @`' :f  -@ tBiC?DEFi?i @`' :f <B .@ # 7D 6 7<B /@ # 7D 6<B 0@ # 7D w x <B 1@ # 7D w <B 2@ # 7D 7 <B 3@ # 7D   4@ 6PfH #   =C  5@ 6kHb T  >HO  6@ 6nHf  =H  7@ 6rH    =C  8@ 6wHf  X  >OH <B 9@ # 7D <B :@ # 7D T F U <B ;@ # 7D T t U <B <@ # 7D F t G <B =@ # 7D F F G <B >@ # 7D  ?@ 6|H   =C  @@ 6LH T  =H  A@ 6H T  =H  B@ 6@H   =C <B C@ # 7D <B D@ # 7D C t D  E@ 6HF 8 m  >OH  F@ 6HH 6  =O <B G@ # 7D N F O  H@ 6HHq c  >OH  I@ 6HfP N  >CH  J@ 6hH x  =2   K@ 6HNP @  >OH <B L@ # 7D  <B M@B # 7D  B <B N@ # 7DC 'D <B O@ # 7DC D <B P@ # 7Df g  Q@ 6@HG   =C  R@ 6Ht   =H  S@ 6H~   =H  T@ 6,HQ   =C <B U@ # 7Dq r <B V@ # 7DF G <B W@ # 7DF 2G <B X@ # 7DT 2U <B Y@ # 7DT U <B Z@ # 7Dq r  [@ 6H$   >OH  \@ 6`HQ   =C  ]@ 6H$   =H  ^@ 6TH _  =H  _@ 6xH    >HO  `@ 6 H V  =H  a@ 6lHQ#   =C  b@ 6H   >OH  c@ 68HG / >CH  d@ 6H,Y =2   e@ 6H/ ! >OH <B f@ # 7Dq r <B g@ # 7Db c <B h@ # 7D +t ,<B i@ # 7D{ |7  j@ 6H#   =O  k@ 6\H   =C   @ 0H ONaturally-occurring free form 2  n@ 6HG Fructose (levulsoe) 6  & & H @ 0޽h ? ̙33< D|(  D D 0I 0Disaccharides (anydrides of 2 monosaccharides): >1(2& !&  , ^ D 0Ip :Maltose: 4-0-a-D-Glucopyranosyl (1->4) a-D-Glucopyranose t; 2""#"#"#", R D s *^ D 6A?6 @H D 0޽h ? ̙334  Ht(  H| H 0I@ <Cellobiose 4-0-b-D-Glucopyranosyl (1->4)-b-D-Glucopyranose  (21 2 &"#"#"#"6  R H s *pP0`^ H 6A? pH H 0޽h ? ̙33 ?70L(  L[ L 0\$IP 9Sucrose 2-0-a-D-Glucopyranosyl b-D-Fructofuranoside r (20 2&& ! ! ,R L s *  ^ L 6A?[ t L 0.I  Invert Sugar --- when sucrose in solution, the rotation changes from detrorotatory (+66.5) to levorotatory (-19.8). So, sucrose is called  Invert Sugar . Sucrose has been hydrolyzed into glucose and fructose.  2 ,D jH L 0޽h ? ̙33_ @P(  P P 0:I)  Lactose Principal sugar in milkF (2 2&& R P s *`P ^ P 6A?P   P 0?I  ]e4-0-b-D-Galactopyranosyl (1->4)-a-D- Glucopyranose 4-0-b-D-Galactopyranosyl (1->4)-b-D-Glucopyranose f 2 ! ! ! ! ! H   H P 0޽h ? ̙33 PT1(  T T 0PI o'RELATIVE SWEETNESS OF DIFFERENT SUGARS ,((2&&" T 0LUI@  l Sucrose 100 Glucose 74 Fructose 174 Lactose 16 Invert Sugar 126 Maltose 32 Galactose 32m 2m"\H T 0޽h ? ̙33I `\(  \ \ 0]I_ W}Raffinose (Galactose + Glucose + Fructose) 6-0-a-D-Galactopyranosyl (1->6)-2-0-a-D-Glucopyranosyl (1->2)-b-D-Fructofuranosided~ 2  & ! ! ! R   R \ s *p  \ 08iIT rOligosaccharide ,(2&$$^ \ 6A?IH \ 0޽h ? ̙33 p`(  `& ` 0qI pStachyose (Galactose + Galactose + Glucose + Fructose) 6-0-a-D-Galactopyranosyl (1->6)-6-0-a-D-Galactopyranosyl (1-> 6) -2-0-a-D-Glucopyranosyl-b-D-Fructofuranoside  Flatulence Factor 7(2 2 &.& ! ! !! ! !( ~   R ` s *@`^ ` 6A?H ` 0޽h ? ̙33  XJ(  X X 0lI XPOLYSACCHARIDE.(2&$$ X 04I~P`P 2Anhydrides of Monosaccharides Through ether b linkages. Cellulose --- polymer of b-D-Glucose (1, 4) linkage. Repeating cellobiose moiety. X 2, !   !9 , Z  R X s * `^ X 6A? @3H X 0޽h ? ̙33T d(  d d 0(I The reserve carbohydrate of plants. Occurs as granules in the cell. Made of amylose and amylopectin. Amylose --- ploymer of a-D- Glucose (1->4) linkage-straight-chain. f 2f"""#"#"PL 1R d s * 0 d 0I   QSTARCH .(2&$$^ d 6A? @H d 0޽h ? ̙33O h(  hW h 0$I00h  Amylopectin Polymer of a-D-Glucose (1->4) linkage in addition to a-D-Glucose (1->6) linkage. The length of linear units in amylopectin is only 25. a-(1->4) linkage (25) to a-(1->6) linkage. (2 2 & "#)"# "#E"#"#"#"# "$ p :H h 0޽h ? ̙33 p*(  p p 0ID Q GLYCOGEN , (2&$$9 p 0I@P  IAnimal starch. a - (1 -> 4) linkage and a - (1 -> 6) linkage 12 : 1 tJ 2"#"#"#""H p 0޽h ? ̙33 E=l(  l& l 0LI4 DPolymer of 4-0-a-D-Galacturonic acid (1 -> 4) & Methylgalacturonate 2E 2"#5", R l s * l 0I  OPECTIN ,(2&$$^ l 6A? pGH l 0޽h ? ̙33a  t(  t t 0DI@ UDEGREE OF METHYLATION (DM) (2&  t 0I& LThe higher the degree of methylation, the higher the temperature at which the gel forms. For gel formation at least 50% of the carboxyl group are methylated. Pectin (about 74 DM) is used in jams. For jellies DM is about 60.  2", o GH t 0޽h ? ̙33 yx(  x x 0IP x0 FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF POLYSACCHARIDES (GUMS),1(20&   x 0I`  e1. Viscosity control 2. Texture control 3. Emulsifying agent 4. Water-binding capacity 5. Stabilizer f 2f"H x 0޽h ? ̙33 |(  | | 0I  h CORN SYRUP @ (2&$ &$&$R | s *PP ^ | 6A? ` ^ | 6A?   | 0Kd LThe higher the DE, generally the greater the glucose content in corn syrup. "M 2K"H | 0޽h ? ̙33 _W(    0 K ]HIGH FRUCTOSE SYRUPS ,(2&$$2  0xK`w jGenerally: Glucose 50% Fructose 42% Maltose 1.5% Isomaltose 1.5% Higher Saccharides 5.0% k 2k",; R  s *p^  6A?pH  0޽h ? ̙33 -/S(    0HK E CORN SYRUP  (2 &  <K0! \ ,     <!K0!/ a % Dry Weight 8       <'K! LGlucose (    <+K!i  J9 ,    <1K! U K14 ,    <5K!U K43 ,    <:KG  LMaltose (    <?Ki G  K52 ,    <DK UG  K12 ,    <xIKUG  K32 ,    < NKG   ]Triose (     <0RKG i  K13 ,    <WKG U  K10 ,    < \KG U  J3 ,    < aK m  ^Tetrose (     <eK i m  J2 ,    <jK Um  J9 ,    <\oK Um  J5 ,  L  # 0  6TtK+ \ ,   `  0L  !#    6zKm [High Maltose Syrup ,  `   0L d  ##    6pK9  OLow DE ,  ` " 0d L d 0 %#    6K  PHigh DE ,  ` $ 0d 0L  x  '# m xD  6K+ x  ^Pentose (   ` & 0 x }L  x  )# m X$   6K mx  K24 ,  ` ( 0 x }L  d x  +# m T  6dK 9 x  K55 ,  ` * 0 d x }L d 0x  -# m T   6ԚK x  K12 ,  ` , 0d 0x RB / s *DH  0޽h ? ̙33 [(    0 1BD m MODIFIED STARCHES >(2&$&$$N  0x6B v1.Pregelatinized Starch --- simple precooked and roll dried to give product that readily disperses in cold water. 2.Thin-boiling or Acid-modified Starch --- suspending granular starch in a very dilute acid under somewhat below its gelatinization temperature (somewhat mild). 3. Oxidized Starches --- oxidation of starch with alkaline hypochloride to get -coo- at C6. w 2w >Y H  0޽h ? ̙33 ZR (    02  cCARBOHYDRATE DETERMINATION ,(2&    0P@ 1. Monosaccharides and Oligosaccharides A. Enzymatic Method 1. Glucose oxidase 2. Hexokinase B. Chromatography Method 1. Paper or thin layer chromatography 2. Gas chromatography 3. Liquid column chromatography 2. Polysaccharides  0P2 P  H  0޽h ? ̙33 0!(    04f  sGlucose Oxidase System (2&$   0X  " Glucose Oxidase D-Glucose + O2 Gluconic Acid + H2O2 Peroxidase H2O2+ 0 - Dianisidine 2 H2O + Oxidized 0-Dianisidine (Colorless) (Brown) 0P2 *"*"*"*"*"* "*>"t #  ^B  6D8cp p^B  6D8c R  s * 0^  6A ?p `@H  0޽h ? ̙332 @r(    0X  fHexokinase System (2&$    0$ @ lNADP+ : (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate) The amount of NADPH formed in this reaction is stoichiometric with the amount of glucose. NADPH is measured by its absorption at 334 nm. H0P2 (* " >  <M  0`Pk l Hexokinase Glucose + ATP G - 6 - P + ADP G - 6 - P DH G - 6 - P + NADP+ Gluconate - 6 - phosphate + NADPH + H+ ^0P2 @" !"*A"64 "'^B  6D8cp0 ^B  6D8cp pH  0޽h ? ̙33 P((    07 `&QUALITATIVE ANALYSES OF CARBOHYDRATES '(2'&h  0 @ Thin Layer chromatography Silica gel as stationary phase (250 mm) Quantitative by densitomer (time - varies with solvent, generally overnight): :0P2 % !R Q 5R  s *P^  6A?`1H  0޽h ? ̙33 `2(  P  0@@k fGas Liquid Chromatography Requirement: compounds must be volatile. Sugars form Trimethylsilyl Ether: L8P2L0P2&&L"O R  s *P ^  6A?p`~   0!! *Ether linkage Trimethyl chlorosilane +0P2+" H  0޽h ? ̙33 p#(  R  s *P +  0,@p kLiquid Chromatography Carbohydrate Analysis (Waters Assocs. 840380 Stationary Phase) Solvent: H2O/CH3CN D8P2U0P2&S "^  6A? H  0޽h ? ̙33  M(    04 \POLYSACCHARIDES 0(2& & Q  09 ` =Usually, quantitation depends on chemical or enzymatic hydrolyses of them, followed by analysis of the monomers. Starch 1. Amylose + I- -> Blue complex Use spectrometer for determining the amylose - iodine blue color - according to spectrophotometric reading. 2. Amylopectin + I- -> Reddish color. .>0P2r   b g @# H  0޽h ? ̙33ru$'*60E59<@aD(ɹ204p ng $c'U*-[1448;W\_ekosv  z* Oh+'0 1 hp  < H T`hPowerPoint Presentation JaeHwan LeeMC:\Program Files\Microsoft Office\Templates\Presentation Designs\Soaring.pot\ David B Min46iMicrosoft PowerPointoso@`@rp<@6R<G/g  F& &&#TNPP2OMi & TNPP &&TNPP    && "--- $  $   $- $(( $(22( $2<<2- $<FF<- $FPPF $PZZP- $ZddZ $dnnd- $nxxn- $xx- $ $- $- $- $- $- $ $- $- $- $- $- $- $- $- $""- $",,"- $,66,- $6@@6- $@JJ@- $JTTJ- $T^^T- $^hh^- $hrrh- $r||r- $||- $- $- $- $- $- $- $- $- $- $- $- $- $- $- $- $&&- $&00&- $0::0- $:DD:- $DNND- $NXXN- $XbbX- $bllb- $lvvl~- $vvz- $w- $s- $o- $l- $h- $d- $a- $]- $Y- $W- $S- $O- $L- $  H- $  D- $  B- $ ** >- $*44*:- $4>>48- $>HH>4- $HRRH0- $R\\R.- $\ff\*- $fppf&- $pzzp#- $zz- $- $- $- $ - $- $- "--&&&&6&--&&/v- $6@@6/w- $@JJ@0y- $JTTJ1{- $T^^T2~- $^hh^3- $hrrh4- $r||r6- $||7- $9- $;- $=- $?- $ A- $!C- $"E- $#H- $%J- $&L- $'N- $(Q- $)S- $*U- $+W- $&&,Y- $&00&-Z- $0::0.\- $:DD:.]- $DNND/^- $NXXN/`- $XbbX0a- $bllb0b- $lvvl1b- $vv1c- $2d- $2d- $2e- $2e- $2e- $3f- $&&& "- &($s6Ws =p8KY%cIluqs&Dwb&-&& &&-&&($s6Ws =p8KY%cIluqs&&/v- $6@@6/w- $@JJ@0y- $JTTJ1{- $T^^T2~- $^hh^3- $hrrh4- $r||r6- $||7- $9- $;- $=- $?- $ A- $!C- $"E- $#H- $%J- $&L- $'N- $(Q- $)S- $*U- $+W- $&&,Y- $&00&-Z- $0::0.\- $:DD:.]- $DNND/^- $NXXN/`- $XbbX0a- $bllb0b- $lvvl1b- $vv1c- $2d- $2d- $2e- $2e- $2e- $3f- $&- --&&&v 3f"--F%!-Z 0,X9GWh{2Rq!=Z x.=KWa>ibnrs--&&&G& - &Gy& --H-- @Times New Roman- f.2 |, CARBOHYDRATES##"!%%##"# .--@-- f@Times New Roman- .2 J Carbohydrate     . . 2 - . .%2 4polyhydroxy aldehyde    . .2 , ketones and    . ."2 >Jtheir derivatives.     . .2 J Functions   . . 2 - . .C2 (structure material storage material for               . ."2 Jcarbon and energy.     .--"System-&TNPP & ՜.+,0     $ On-screen ShowThe Ohio State Universityt<U' -Times New RomanArial WingdingsSymbol New YorkSoaringPowerPoint PresentationPowerPoint PresentationPowerPoint PresentationPowerPoint PresentationPowerPoint PresentationPowerPoint PresentationPowerPoint PresentationPowerPoint PresentationPowerPoint PresentationPowerPoint PresentationPowerPoint PresentationPowerPoint PresentationPowerPoint PresentationPowerPoint PresentationPowerPoint PresentationPowerPoint PresentationPowerPoint PresentationPowerPoint PresentationPowerPoint PresentationPowerPoint PresentationPowerPoint PresentationPowerPoint PresentationPowerPoint PresentationPowerPoint PresentationPowerPoint PresentationPowerPoint PresentationPowerPoint PresentationPowerPoint PresentationPowerPoint PresentationPowerPoint PresentationPowerPoint PresentationPowerPoint PresentationPowerPoint PresentationPowerPoint PresentationPowerPoint PresentationPowerPoint PresentationPowerPoint PresentationPowerPoint PresentationPowerPoint Presentation  Fonts UsedDesign Template Slide Titles'#_{ David B MinDavid B Min  !"#$%&'()*+,-/0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~    Root EntrydO)Pictures[Current User SummaryInformation(<1PowerPoint Document(.{DocumentSummaryInformation8Root EntrydO)vïr@Pictures[Current User2SummaryInformation(<1    _{tianertianer