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Cu $N*N5ugS^vR1\/f5u`lS^$     j    Fla5ugS^1\/fJSS^ gsQg*NCQ }v_b1Y5uP[vS^ T7hMs^0$$ # 305u`l&{S V_h:y :5ugh:y ܔ5ugCu|Cu2+ 5ugZn |Zn2+x " " * " " "  * $   Qy N T5ugvh:y n'lS`؏S`GW:NnmFe3+ + e- Fe2+ R`'`5ug YPt CI{Pt |Fe2+, Fe3+ aemeema"  * "  * 6  R glSOSNS^2H +2eH2 _NR`'`5ug: (Pt) H2 |H+(c) ( ( aa (a" * " $  FteS^!$N*NJSS^!V_h:y !(5ugS^) ! r$" &   &   6Cr2O72 +6Fe2 +14H 2Cr3 +6Fe3++7H2O (+) Cr2O72 +14H +6e  2Cr3 +7H2O ( ) Fe2 e  Fe3+ ( )Pt|Fe2+, Fe3+ Cr3 , Cr2O72 | Pt (+) $a$,$,,-$,-$-%$,-$,$,$$,$,,-$-%$,-$,$$,-%$,"  * "  * & * $,-%$,$,,-" - ( ) (C) I2|I (c1)  Fe2+ (c2), Fe3+ (c3) | C (+) +) Fe3+ + e Fe2+ ) 2I I2+ 2e ;`S^2Fe3+ + 2I 2Fe2+ + I22* "  &   * "  * * " -  "M  N0S^rG N5u`l5uRRsQ|<((( (6 Zn+ Cu2+(aq)!!Zn2+(aq)+ Cu h` N rG  fGZn2+ fGCu2+ 298Ke  147.06 65.249 212.31kJ.mol-1 5uR^SOyR Wmax G.I   %,%,,,,)%-%$%$    Z  5uRWIVt5uϑ" 5uS n 6.023 1023 1.602 10-19 E n 96485 EnFEV        48  rG nFE4 %$4 &2.S^s^a8^peN5u`lhQ5uRRvsQ|< n<ff\rG  nFE Te rG  RTlnK lnK =./$hh$%hh`$hh$!hh!hh`t  4.2 5ug5uR   Cu|Cu2+cCu2+ ; Zn |Zn2+ cZn2+ `$5ug5uR'Y\NSN5ugS^vir(Sm^ gsQ a$S(uv[ N0hQ5ug5uR j `$SNS^vir(:NhQSm^ev

&&.&$,$, $,$( !"$ 4.3 5u`l5uRT5ug5uRv^(u"$$LN0'lS؏SRv'Y\z^ 'lSW +ne =؏SW j Cl2> Fe3+> I2> Cu2+> Sn4+> Zn2+ ؏SRMn2+ < Cl-< Fe2+ < I- < Cu< Sn2+< Zn48t,*"##b#+##+#+#+#+ #+#+#+#+#+#+#+##+#+#+#+#+#+#+##++#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+#+V2'#N0'lS؏SS^eT$Re h S^eT'`rG< 0 veTS :_'lSBR :_؏SBR!1_؏SBR 'l1_SBR j('lSBR) > j(؏SBR) dke E jckg jg > 0 ُ7h rG-nFE < 0 YMnO4- Cl- ! Mn2+ Cl2 h`eST? 5" jMnO4-/Mn2+=1.51 > jCl2/Cl-=1.36 4" S^SS ! ! #"#""#"!! )! ((! (   (! ( ))!) !))!! $   $8`$h` N2Fe3++2I 2Fe2++I2 S&T|&          J5" jFe3 /Fe2 > jI2 /I 4"Fe3+SN'lS I 0&)  )   ,& 4"'lSBRv jFe3 /Fe2  jFe3 /Fe2 +0.0592lg 0.77+0.0592lg 0.77+0.0592(-7) 0.36 V ؏SBRjI2/I-  jI2 /I - 0.54 > jFe3 /Fe2+ 4"dkeFe3+ N'lSI         +    U   +          bA0&* N0S^ z^ KvBllL  )!)rG  RTlnK rG  nFE RTlnK  nFE ! 2.303 RTlgK nFE 298Ke lgK \$hh$!hh$hh$%hh!hhhhhb#jhjh`!hh@ .DOBlS^2Fe3+ + Cu  2Fe2+ + Cu2+s^a8^pe#$r9hncS^5u`lY N (-) Cu1Cu2+ Fe3+ Fe2+1Pt (+) E = jckg jg jFe3+/Fe2+ jCu2+/Cu 0.771 0.3410.430V lgK =n E/0.0592 =20.430/0.0592=14.55 K  3.61014  ..F. F.& Z% </BO Bln^y Ksp YAgCl !! Ag Cl "          B*ncS^5u`l (-) Ag 1Ag  Cl 1 AgCl1Ag (+) E = jckg jgjAgCl /Ag j Ag /Ag =0.222 0.799 0.577 3K  n E/0.0591 9.78 Ksp  K  1.710-10  }   FF     =0V0CQ }5uMOV^jA Cu2+ 0.152 Cu+ 0.521 Cu #" 0.34 #" jB Cu(OH)2 -0.08 Cu2O -0.358 Cu jA MnO4-_0.56_MnO42-_2.26_MnO2 _0.95_Mn3+_1.51_Mn2+ -1.18_M #" ( N3z[)  N3z[ #" #"____________1.51________________________#""S*                                          H) Z1 4.4 Sf[5un" $ $ N0N!k5u`l 1. 05u`l (-) Zn1ZnCl2 ,NH4Cl1Mn2O3 1 MnO21Ag (+) 2. ^l5u`l (-) Zn1ZnO ,KOH1HgO1 Hg1C (+) `(' b& 2 N0N!k5u`l$1.ŔĄ5u`l (-) Pb1PbSO4 ,H2SO4(1.25~1.30gcm-3)1 PbO2 (+) 2.M5u`l (-) Cd1Cd(OH)2, KOH(1.19~1.21gcm-3), Ni(OH)2 1NiO(OH) 1C(+)0=  &.  &.  \ , & 3 4.5 5u" $$ 5u 5u@ z ` 33PP` 3333` ___MMM` 13` 333fpKNāvI` j@v۩ῑ΂H` Q_{>?" dd@,?n<d@ `7 `2@`7``2 n?" dd@   @@``PR    @ ` ` p>>    J (     <$" .A  Td" .A  <"U_ .A  Td">& .A  Nd"P .A  <"p .A  C x?d?"bUv .A  6 "U  LUSQdkYkHrh7h_     0 "   8USQdkYkHre,g7h_ ,{N~ ,{ N~ ,{V~ ,{N~    6  "@  ^*  6 "@`   `*  6T "`  `*B  s *޽h ? 3333  Blendsh     p (  T +  "+bb P@ # "Dwoh  s *"PP  Bd" P@bb P 0  # "Nyh  s *"P    Bd"P 0 z   <" a*h   s *"    f?d?"+)   <B ?"pP  LUSQdkYkHrh7h_     0hE " `    NUSQdkYkHroRh7h_   6I "`p   b*  6M "`p   d*   6Q "`  d* B  s *޽h ? 33334  0t(  x  c $ U   x  c $L @   x  c $    v  N ??e>  3 A?1 H  0޽h ? ̙33  f^(  r  S 5    r  S 5 P      0Z   jh` N 298KerG  fGZn2+ fGCu2+  147.06 65.249 212.31kJ.mol-1 _ n< &/&////:&.&j;H  0޽h ? 3333^  (  r  S LQ U   r  S (M    r  S    P  H  0޽h ? 3333*   j(   r  S ~   <  0 0  &MnO4 ! Mn2  n<# + +  # + # D  0x  p   MnO4 +5e ! Mn2  n<# + + #  # + #   0    40MnO4 +8H 5e  Mn2 +4H2O # + + # + #  # + # + # +   0ԯ @ ,<Ms^lax'`N(H H2O x'`N((uOH H2O  # + # + # + # + # $ H  0޽h ? 3333  h` $(  $r $ S ( U   r $ S     v  $ N ??e> $ 3 A?1P    $ 0d  0` PV_h:y(-) Zn |Zn2+(c1) Cu2+ (c2) |Cu (+) ) n< ##+#+#'#+#+#+## H $ 0޽h ? 3333  F>,(  ,r , S } p  r , S p      , B  U     , 0 p @ l glmSNS^AgCl+ eAg+ Cl Ag|AgCl,Cl (c) n< n<#+#c##    # RH , 0޽h ? 3333^  0(  0r 0 S ` U   r 0 S $ i   r 0 S  P P  H 0 0޽h ? 3333^  4(  4r 4 S l. U   r 4 S (/    r 4 S     H 4 0޽h ? 3333      . (    S X  P <$D 0    c v0e0e  @ <$D 0    0A  pp0 ,$D 0 4&h` NS^ rG nFE  n<&'kk'kk6  0 `  ,$D 0 2&rG  rG +RT lnQ n<''kk'#>   0F 0 ,$D 0 $E  E RT/nF lnQ n<''kk'#,    0P  0,$D 0 *E  E 0.0592/n lgQ n<''kk' #>   0n  ,$D 0 1.Nernste z@ n< ggH  0޽h ? 3333D  8(  8 8 S \8  <$D 0   8 c 0e0e  U<$D 0    8 c $A  ?? 8  $D  0H 8 0޽h ? 3333  f^(  r  S  U     S  P <$0    S ܅  P<$ 0  H  0޽h ? 3333   <"(  <r < S  U    < c $  <$D 0   < XA ?4p p<$D 0 H < 0޽h ? 3333  f^0D(  Dr D S  U    D S   <$ 0   D S x  <$ 0  H D 0޽h ? 3333  @H(  Hr H S  U    H S Ƚ  <$D 0   H S  p  <$D 0   H c $A  ??@ 8  $D 0 H c $A Z?? ` 8 Z$D 0H H 0޽h ? 33334  PLt(  Lr L S  P   r L S  P     ` L c $A !??0.  ! L 0 P  z O2+4H++4e4H2O j O2 /H2O1.230 V pO2=po cH+=1.0> n<     '/'/ ''/'/'/'",H L 0޽h ? 3333`    @P (  P P 08  p JzO2+2H2O+4e4OH j O2 /OH 0.401V pO2=po cOH-=1.0|> n<    ''/''/'/ '/'( P 0l P ^ O2+4H++4e4H2O j O2 /H2O? pO2=po cH+=1.0 Nj O2 /OH vsQ>M n<     '/'/''/'/'/'''/'/N%   P 0J  Fj O2 /H2O j O2 /OH  j O2 /OH + (cOH-=10-14) =0.401+ =0.401+0.829 =1.230  n< '/'/'''/' ''/ '/'/q'4( Q` P c $A ??  ` P c $A ??   H P 0޽h ? 3333 LDPT(  T T 0p P,$ 0  Ag++e Ag j Ag/Ag+=0.799 AgCl(s)+eAg (s)+Cl j AgCl /Ag=? hQ`ecCl-1.0 ! cAg+=KspAgCl j AgCl /Ag= j Ag+ /Ag = j Ag+ /Ag +0.0592lg cAg+ =0.799+0.0592 lg 1.810-10 =0.2217 V6 n<'/ '  '/' '' '/'CCKC'C '''/' '/' CK,    &$(H T 0޽h ? 3333Z    `X(  X X 0v y ,$ 0 < Ag(NH3)2 + +eAg (s)+2NH3 j Ag(NH3)2+/Ag hQ`ecAg(NH3)2+ 1.0 cNH3=1.0 cAg+= ? cAg+= cAg(NH3)2+ / K3z c2NH31 / K3z~ n<'/'//'/'  '/' '/'''''/''/''//'/|-   X 0T{ @ ,$ 0  Ag++e Ag j Ag/Ag+=0.799 j Ag+ /Ag = j Ag+ /Ag +0.0592lg cAg+ e n<'/ '  ''/' '/' CKF !H X 0޽h ? 3333  `\$(  \r \ S  U   r \ S   y  H \ 0޽h ? 3333  p`$(  `r ` S Ke U  e r ` S HLe P  e H ` 0޽h ? 3333   d \ d(  dr d S Qe U  e r d S Re   e > d ZWe ??P R]w: jI2 /I = 0.54 V, jFe3 /Fe2 = 0.77 V,*   /      /      %P d Z0&e ??PPc  a$ (W NSO|-NReQKCN OcCN-=1.0 K3z[Fe(CN)6]3 = 1.01042 , K3z[Fe(CN)6]4 = 1.01035 dkeS^&TSU'         b  d 0l e   b:dkecFe3+= cFe2+=1/K3zII (n<   CckCCCKCC*` d c $A '?? `  'H d 0޽h ? 3333  vnh(  hr h S 8e    e ` h c $A (?? 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